The Role of Organizational Behavior in Management

Introduction Workforce diversity is a critical provision in numerous organizations. Evidently, various companies have implemented varying strategies to effectively address the challenges of this phenomenon. While referring to the best practices, used by Emirates Airlines, numerous strategies emerge. The first strategy is to recognize and appreciate all forms of distinctiveness within the workforce (Morgan and Vardy 87).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Organizational Behavior in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contextually, employee vitality is a significant provision within an organization. Concurrently, organizational behavior studies individualized characters of the staff. It also illuminates on the effects of such characters to the development of the organization. The significance of managing cultural diversity is evident in the hospitality industry. Having researched more abou t it, this paper describes the role of organizational behavior in management. It also explains how diversity in organizations affects the management of a multicultural workforce. Emirates Airlines has been used in this context as the organization of reference. Evidently, the airline industry experiences high rate of international mobility. It is apparent that the management has to establish innovative strategies to deal with the cultural diversity issues (Brotherton 11). The basic rationale for management of cultural diversity is to enable smooth and effective business operations. Appropriate management of diversity creates a sense of tolerance and understanding amongst the stakeholders (Acevedo 34). Additionally, its effective management enhances an organization’s competitiveness, productivity and profitability. This is because the instances of conflicts are greatly minimized. Generally, firms that embrace effective organizational behaviors and viable cultural diversity mana gement techniques have a high competitive edge. Review of the Literature Evidently, workforce diversity is a critical provision in vast contexts. It is notable that various companies have implemented different strategies to effectively address the challenges and opportunities of this phenomenon. While referring to the best practices (used by Emirates Airlines as the case company), numerous strategies emerge. The first strategy is to recognize and appreciate all forms of distinctiveness within the workforce (Morgan and Vardy 123). This has helped in addressing the challenges and opportunities of workplace diversity with effectiveness in Emirates Airlines. Such distinctiveness can be harnessed to promote prosperity and expansion of the company.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this context, diversity acts as an opportunity, which an organization can utilize to prosp er tremendously. Additionally, challenges faced in operations, market trends, business prosperity, and future growth can be handled effectively. This is only possible when diverse, qualitative, and novel opinions among employees are utilized profitably. It is feasible to have numerous options for handling various challenges within an organization. Hence, a focused organization should appreciate and enhance diversity within its premises as evident in the Emirate Airlines’ case. This will help in handling challenges and opportunities within an organization. In the context of organizational behavior, another evident strategy used by Emirates Airlines is the eradication of discriminative acts within the organization. Discrimination leads to demoralization of employees with a consequent reduction in productivity, job satisfaction, and organization’s output. Treating every employee fairly is important in enhancing efficiency and job commitment (Grà ¶schl 99). Additionally, it is crucial to train employees on the importance of diversity within the workforce and how it can be harnessed for the betterment of the company. Evidently, employees need each other in order to grow, attain their objectives, and propel the company into prosperity. Training employees to realize this provision is an important phenomenon. It makes them think differently and start valuing each other for mutual benefits. This describes the role of organizational behavior in the management of an organization. It also explains how diversity in Emirates Airlines impacts the management of its multicultural organization. Concurrently, the company embraces equality and fair remuneration in its operations. This is meant to enhance impartiality and eliminate prejudicial acts within the organization. Providing employees with equal treatments regardless of their racial, culture, age, religious, and sexual orientations is critical and considerable (Shakhray 42). Employees should also be paid fai rly. Previously, women were paid less than men, even if their job specifications were similar. This is no longer the case in companies, which embrace diversity. This has helped in motivating employees hence using this provision as an opportunity to prosper.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Organizational Behavior in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivated employees are quite productive, as indicated earlier. It is important to pay employees based on their qualifications, job specifications, and roles assumed rather their cultures, races, sexes, and other prejudicial provisions. This has helped in addressing the challenges and opportunities of workplace diversity with value. Another evident strategy is the fair recruitment and staffing of employees. This helps in getting the best and qualified staff regardless of another discriminative status. Most local and globalized organizati ons execute their recruitments and staffing activities transparently to avoid mishaps and undue favors (Groschi 99). This has allowed potential women to attain lucrative jobs and positions in numerous organizations based on their merits, capabilities and qualifications. This occurs regardless of age, race, and physical disabilities. Additionally, promotions are also handled fairly and only deserving candidates are promoted. This describes the role of organizational behavior in the management. It also explains how diversity in Emirates Airlines impacts the management of its multicultural organization. Interpersonal skills are vital in this context since they enhance exchange of ideas and coordination of duties. Such skills, if majored on, will enable the stakeholders Emirates Airline to establish effective relationships and build trust. This concept has been applicable in the Emirate’s Airlines concept. Linguistic ability will assist the organization to establish contact (Acev edo 91). Corporations within the hospitality sector should also encourage their workers to gain the motivation of living overseas. This enhances their cultural curiosity, which is a vital recipe for successful adaptation. The capacity of an organization as well as its employees to develop tolerance during uncertainties or ambiguities is critical. Global managers within the sector ought to develop the capacity to deal with multiple perspectives any time. The management system should also be flexible to contain such transformations in cultures and act as a role model.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through organizational behavior, an individual requires the aspects of self-understanding in order to formulate how he or she can adjust to the changing environments with precision, appropriateness, and the desired relevancy. This will help in self-actualization, satisfaction, and creativity to avoid the looming life challenges that might affect an individual, group, or an organization with stringent adversities in the realms of performance. As proved by the study (regarding Emirates Airlines), individuals react differently to varied situations, thus indicating the differing levels of resilience witnessed in diverse contexts (Phillips and Gully 124). The sources used in this context are credible due to their well-researched concepts, credible authors, and relevancy in the context of organizational behavior and diversity management. Methodology The methodology used in this study was qualitative. It was based on personal experience with the organization. Additionally, it incorporated analysis of the secondary data already existing. It vastly discusses the aspects of organizational behavior and diversity management within Emirates Airlines. The report is provided after execution of an extensive study through application of clear guidelines and procedures from the initial stages to completion. As a preamble, the topic was developed by identifying the need to evaluate the contribution of adopting credible organizational behavior and cultural diversity management. Qualitative methodology is critical since the techniques are integral in enhancing communication and facilitating superior execution of activities. The research adopted purposive research technique/method that holds requisite incentives to ensure the realization of credible results. Qualitative technique was relevant in ensuring that the purposive nature of the study (to establish the impacts of organizational behavior and viable diversity management in Emirate Airlines) is achieved. This research went thr ough credible research design, literature review, primary data collection, data compilation, analysis, and derivation of the intended findings. The discrete data were collected from both males and females that operate within the organization and those who have experienced its management in regard to cultural diversity and organizational behavior. The age of the respondents varied from 22- 65. Concurrently, races differed considerably so as to experience how different races perceived Emirates Airlines. The job status also varied from mere cleaning officers to credible managers of the company. No questionnaires or structured interview forms were used since this was not a quantitative methodology. According to Merrigan and Huston (2009, 45), qualitative research technique provided the researcher with superior study mechanism that is relevant in executing investigations with well-orchestrated objectives. The technique ensures that the purposive nature of the topic under study is underst ood adequately. This will help in identifying viable sampling techniques, including respondent identification and delivery of credible information. The analysis of the experiences and the secondary resources used to facilitate this report revealed that implementing credible diversity management provisions requires absolute dedication and determination of various stakeholders in institutions. The realization of highly functional cultural diversity that fosters individual’s performance and communication requires eradication of inconsistent prejudicial practices that may compromise quality and harmonious coexistence within the company. Discussion Individual dynamism and workforce prowess are a critical phenomenon within an organization. It is crucial to adjust appropriately to the challenging situations that might engulf an organization. This is advisable to ensure that the attitude, approach, and performance of individuals remain apposite and competitive within the organization . Precisely, the matter considers the aspects of resilience at an individual’s level in the context of organizational behavior and diversity. Nonetheless, the fact is also necessary and applicable at group or organizational level. Individuals, factions, and corporations must be resilient enough in order to cope with the challenging macro-environmental situations. This describes the role of organizational behavior in the management of a firm. It also explains how diversity in Emirates Airlines impacts the management of its multicultural organization. Concurrently, prosperous organizations (Emirates Airlines in this context) have employed equality and fair remuneration, treatment, and opportunities to their employees regardless of racial distinctiveness. Providing employees with equal treatments regardless of their racial, cultural, age, religious, and sexual orientations is critical and considerable (Shakhray 134). For instance, previously, women were paid less than men, even if their job specifications were similar. This is no longer the case in Emirates Airlines, which embrace diversity. This has helped in motivating employees hence using this provision as an opportunity to prosper. Motivated employees are quite productive as indicated earlier. It is important to pay employees based on their qualifications, job specifications, and roles they assume. This has helped in addressing the challenges and opportunities of workplace diversity with value (Grà ¶schl 32). Another evident strategy, which emirates Airlines use to enhance establish viable organizational behavior so as to manage its cultural diversity is the fair recruitment and staffing of employees. This helps in getting the best and qualified staff regardless of their discriminative status. Most local and globalized organizations execute their recruitments and staffing activities transparently to avoid mishaps and undue favors (Grà ¶schl 98). This has allowed potential women to attain lucrative j obs and positions in this organization based on their merits, capabilities, and qualifications. This occurs regardless of age, race, and physical disabilities. Additionally, promotions are also handled fairly and only deserving candidates are promoted. Cultural diversity is a challenge to both individuals and companies. Most organizations within the culturally-sensitive industries have taken drastic policy initiatives. A policy herein refers to a statement or procedures that guide the stakeholders within organizations on how responsibilities should be conducted. Foremost, successful organizations apply diversity within their workforce to gain competitive advantages. Organizations have adopted policies that increase the cultural variety within their workforce. These have augmented the benefits of having workers of diverse backgrounds within these companies. To enhance their competitive advantage, recruit diversity has been a basic policy for most companies. Under this policy, the com panies have actively searched for employment persons from an array of cultural backgrounds (Marx 117). Emirates Airlines has also adopted policies that stimulate understanding of diversity benefits. In this regard, the management has used training programs to elucidate on the advantages of adopting diverse ideas within the organization. Additionally, trainings on brainstorming approaches have been incorporated. Teamwork policies have been critical in most culturally diverse organizations. When adequately incorporated, the policy helps to develop the feeling and spirit of unity as well as togetherness towards a collective goal. In teamwork, the objective for a collective goal overrides the diversity of members. This forms a quality recipe for competitive advantage within organizations. The vision statements as well as corporate policies should be sound and solid to enhance competitiveness amidst cultural diversity (Anca and Vazquez 45). The corporate vision statement ought to be cons tructed in a manner that reflects the organization’s commitment to cultural diversity. This should be backed up by a powerful vision. The company’s time-off policies should also prop up cultural uniqueness for holidays as well as religious observances. Other policies should also outline the training of managers on cultural diversity sensitivity. Conclusion The steady globalization trends, cultural diversity, demographic transformation patterns, and labor structures pose immense challenges to the management of Emirates Airlines. It is clear that understanding and controlling diversity through viable organizational behavior is critical to Emirates Airlines. Diversity offers enormous opportunities as well as benefits to organizations. To achieve a competitive edge, several cultural barriers, including communication obstacles, discrimination as well as stereotypes must be overcome. To increase knowledge and sensitivity on cultural diversity management, appropriate training schedule must be designed and carried out within the sector. This (among other provisions discussed earlier) describes the role of organizational behavior in the management of the company. It also explains how diversity in Emirates Airlines impacts the management provisions of its multicultural organization. Works Cited Acevedo, Laura. Strategies for Culture Diversity in the Workplace. 2012. Web. Anca, Celia and Vega A. VaÃŒ zquez. Managing Diversity in the Global Organization: Creating Business Values. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Print. Brotherton, Bob. The International Hospitality Industry: Structure, Characteristics and Issues. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. Print Gröschl, Stefan. Diversity in the Workplace: Multi-disciplinary and International Perspectives. Farnham: Gower, 2011. Print. Marx, Elisabeth. Breaking Through Culture Shock: What You Need to Succeed in International Business. London: Nicholas Brealey, 1999. Print. Morgan, John and Felix Vardy. D iversity in the Workplace. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2006. Print. Phillips, Jean and Stanley M. Gully. Organizational Behavior: Tools for Success. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. This research paper on The Role of Organizational Behavior in Management was written and submitted by user Isai Hardin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Racial Propositions a Book by Daniel HoSang

Racial Propositions a Book by Daniel HoSang The author of the book unravels some important principles regarding California’s electoral laws for approximately fifty years ago. The scholar argues that citizens of California were tough on immigrants because they could pass laws that barred them from enjoying public services such as health care and free education (HoSang 11).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on â€Å"Racial Propositions† a Book by Daniel HoSang specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author observes that undocumented immigrants could not access free services, apart from being harassed. Leaders in California went ahead to repeal programs that aimed at offering services to the public free of charge. The same policies had been passed as part of the affirmative action to end poverty and human suffering within the state. Academic sector was affected because bilingual education was done away with. The researcher notes that the state was end owed with many civil rights movements, multicultural population and liberal political culture. The scholar wonders why leaders would decide to come up with repressive and discriminatory laws in a region that enjoyed a diverse populace. He finally concludes that the nation is not yet appreciative of cultural diversity because laws designed tend to favor the whites and not other races. The author digs deeper to analyze how political ideologies shape policies in any given political arena. He posits that there is something more than a mere conservative-liberal divide. In this regard, the scholar notes that racial inequality is a matter of concern in the country even after the Civil War. He asserts that measures taken by leaders in California show a proposition pertaining to race and racism. Through his analysis, it is clearly understood that racial distinctiveness, inequity and power shapes decision-making processes in any political system. Though the writer presents American character as comprising of a single conflict, his works are valid in understanding American politics. Through review, it is established that blacks and other races have not enjoyed the spoils of society even after the war. The postwar analysis indicates that racism and ethnicity is a big problem to policy makers in America. Leaders are forced to bow down to the wishes of the majority, who are always the whites. Other races are not taken care of because they do not have representatives in government to lobby for them. The scholar analyzes power in a different way. He underscores the fact that power is a relational concept as observed by other scholars. The whites dominate the society implying that other races exist at the mercy of the white race.Advertising Looking for book review on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The black race is perpetually subordinated and subjugated because they are never allowed to own p roperty. In this case, the whites are the bourgeoisies who own everything while the poor are the proletariat, who own their cheap labor. The rich individuals in society use their power and resources to obtain state power and authority. Such powers are further utilized in effecting domination and control. Other races are left with no alternative other than working hard to fulfill their objectives. In industries, workers are alienated, exploited and undermined. These categories are usually races from inferior communities such as Africans and Asians. Inferior races are only allowed time for exercising animal related duties such as eating, sleeping and procreating. The white race, which is dominant, enjoys services such as recreation and travelling to various places. The findings of HoSang are applicable in postwar America because other races continue suffering as the dominant races continue enjoying societal resources. Policies made are always favorable to the white race. For instance, the recent Arizona bill shows that states are still racially controlled. Immigration laws favor the whites, which give them an opportunity to exercise their democratic right of voting. HoSang, Martinez. Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

I'll attach it - Essay Example From the reads it is clear that anti-Semitism has been politicized and this has caused a lot of pain to the Palestinians. During the holocaust an estimate of six million Jews were killed. Jews have been regarded as aliens and for this reason received discrimination on the basis of religion and on biological characteristics. The United states have come to the protection of the Jews on the view that they are shielding their existence in this world. It should be noted that there is still genuine Palestinians who times might conflict with Israeli interests and this should not be a ground of inducing suffering to them. Palestine-Israel Conflict has cost a lot of American’s finances and this has caused a hitch on the part of the taxpayers. It is estimated that in the year 2002 this instability in the middle east especially the Palestine-Israel, did cost America $3 trillion. This is without factoring in other expenses that not quantified in this expenditure. This amount of money could go a long way to boost the American’s economy such as creation of employment, curbing inflation or development. It also through the Americans’ support for the Jews, that hostility has risen against innocent Americans which results to scenarios such as terrorism. This fact questions the diplomacy of America with mostly Muslim

Interaction Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interaction Theories - Essay Example Over the past few weeks, there has been some distance between the two, which Jade translated as diminishing interest and ignorance, not knowing that Mason was under job stress and pressure. One night over a phone conversation between the two, Mason was more silent and seemed disinterested in the conversation. This upset Jade, who quickly ended the conversation and sent him a text expressing her feelings. Mason’s reply was that since they were in a long distance relationship, they had little to talk about and that she was blowing his reasons for silence out of proportion. After several exchanges and arguments, the couple finally realized that they both lead busy lives, but they must ensure that they put positive efforts for their relationship to work. The argument was also a revelation for Mason. It presented Jade as a sensitive person who needs constant attention. She also holds her emotions within her when she gets upset. Eventually, the couple came to a mutual agreement. Mas on now understood her better and apologized to her. Application Evolutionary psychology is a biological approach that seeks to explain human behavior and interaction with other humans. The emphasis of the theory in human relations includes parenting, interactions within relatives and families, and interactions with unrelated people. According to this theory, most of the human behavior is explainable by internal psychological mechanisms (Chadee, 2011). In essence, this theory attributes human behaviors to adaption and psychological mechanisms, which are responses to particular contingencies in their environment, and their selection depends on their contribution to survival and reproduction. Jade’s father left at a very tender age. She therefore developed psychological mechanisms that made her sensitive, seeking attention for that fatherly love. This explains her past relationship problems, and the recent one with Mason. Her ideal romantic partner is one who cares and listens t o her. Luckily, Mason now understands her. Attachment theory explains the dynamics and principles of long-term relationships between people. The theory has an extension of adult romantic relations by Philip Shaver and Cindy Hazan. The attachment theory explains four styles of attachments in adults: anxious-preoccupied, secure, fearful-avoidant, and dismissive-avoidance (Chadee, 2011). Securely attached adults have positive views of themselves, their relationships, and their partners. They are comfortable with independence and intimacy. In the dismissive-avoidant group, adults seek independence, avoiding attachment completely. They consider themselves invulnerable to feelings and self-sufficient. They suppress their feelings and distance themselves when rejected. With fearful-avoidant adults, there is mixed feelings and reactions on emotional closeness. They desire the closeness, and at the same time feel uncomfortable. They consider themselves unworthy and mistrust their partners. A nxious-preoccupied individuals need approval, responsiveness, and high levels of intimacy. As a result, they become overly dependent on their partners (Chadee, 2011). These adults have less positive views of themselves and their relationship, are less trusting, and display high levels of impulsiveness, worry, and emotional expressiveness. Jade fits well in the anxious-preoccupied style of attachment. This is evident from her emotional

Dermatoglyphic Patterns with Rampant Caries

Dermatoglyphic Patterns with Rampant Caries A Twin City Study Correlating the Dermatoglyphic patterns with Rampant Caries and Early Childhood Caries Abstract : Background and Aim : This study was undertaken to investigate and analyze the correlation between dermatoglyphic pattern and caries prevalence in young children in twin cities of Pune and Mumbai. Materials and methods : Two centers were selected in Pune and Mumbai . A total of 300 patients (150 patients in each center) were included in this study. The mean age ranged from 3-5 years. The samples were divided into two groups; Group I: Caries and Group II: caries-free groups.Group I was further divided into children with early childhood caries and children with rampant caries Dental caries were detected clinically using mouth mirror and probe(only to remove debris not probed into the fissures) in daylight or suitable light source. Fingerprints were obtained by the conventional ink method .Statistical analysis using the students t-test was used to determine mean values and gender differences in the findings using SPSS version 11.0 Results : The evaluation and comparison of patterns in children with caries and caries-free children in both right and left hands showed increase in the number of whorls in children with rampant caries as compared to children with early childhood caries. However , this was not statistically significant. Conclusion : The present study showed a definite variation in dermatoglyphics between the ECC ; rampant caries and caries-free group .However the rampant caries group showed more number of whorls as compared to the earl childhood caries group but they were statistically insignificant .Dermatoglyphics has proven to be an extremely useful, non-invasive and cost-effective tool for preliminary investigations into conditions with a suspected genetic base like dental caries. Keywords : Dermatoglyphics , rampant caries , early childhood caries. INTRODUCTION : The word dermatoglyphics comes from two Greek words (derma, skin and glyphe, carve) and refers to the friction ridge formations which appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet .(1) Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of fingerprints. Since each person’s fingerprints are unique, we can understand one’s innate potential, personality, and preferences by analyzing dermatoglyphics. Dermatoglyphic patterns are highly variable from person to person, while genetic aberrations generally produce consistent phenotypes. A twin-city survey was conducted in Mumbai and Pune reviewing a total of 300 children. Twin citiesare a special case of twocitiesor urban centres that are founded in close geographic proximity and then grow into each other over time, losing most of their mutual buffer zone.Cities twinned by proximity do not necessarily match demographically, economically, or politically . The main focus of dermatoglyphic study is in the papillary ridges, the small markings that make up your fingerprints and exist on all primates skin. The formation of these papillary ridges occurs during a short window of development (2), and is influenced by a combination of genetics and the environment in utero. Being affected by the environment at such a time means thatmonozygotic twinswould have different dermatoglyphic markings .(3,4,5) The ridges do not change over post-natal life, which lends itself into forensic uses. The twin city survey was undertaken to evaluate the fingerprint patterns of children with dental caries ( Study groups-rampant caries versus early childhood caries ) and caries free individual (control group). Materials and Methods : Two centers were selected in Pune and Mumbai . A total of 300 patients (150 patients in each center) were included in this study. The mean age ranged from 3-5 years The samples were divided into two groups; Group I: Caries and Group II: caries-free groups.Group I was further divided into children with early childhood caries and children with rampant caries. Dental caries were detected clinically using mouth mirror and probe(only to remove debris not probed into the fissures)6 in daylight or suitable light source. Finger and palm prints were recorded using the ink method described by Cummins and Midlo.1The hands of the children included in this study were washed with soap and water to remove dirt and oil from the ridged skin and blot dried to improve the quality of the prints . Statistical analysis using the students t-test was used to determine mean values in the findings using SPSS version 11.0 Recording Interpretation of Dermatoglyphic patterns : Fingerprints : The fingerprints of all subjects were recorded using black duplicating ink ,the fingers were uniformly pressed on the ink pad after which the digits were pressed firmly against the white paper by the operator to avoid bias . The fingerprints obtained were checked for their clarity with a magnifying glass (Ãâ€"2) . INTERPRETATION OF HANDPRINTS The handprints were observed in a sequential manner under a magnifying glass with Ãâ€"2 power, from the left hand 4 th digit until the thumb followed by the thumb of right hand until the 4 th digit. This study included qualitative analysis that is the fingertip patterns (Loops, whorls,arches) The frequency of true patterns of loops, whorls, and arches was counted on the fingertips of all the 10 digits of children in all the groups. They were assessed for increase or decrease in mean frequencies. QUALITATIVE DERMATOGLYPHIC ANALYSIS Type of dermatoglyphic pattern Different types of dermal patterns were identified .(7) A loop is recognized as a series of ridges that enter the pattern area on one side of digit, recurves abruptly and leaves the pattern area on the same side. A single triradius is present, which is located laterally on the fingertip, where the loop is closed. If the ridge opens on ulnar side it is called as ulnar loop and if it opens toward the radial side it is called as radial loop. A whorl differs from the loop in the aspect of concentric arrangement of ridges, with two or more triradii in the latter. A whorl may be spiral, symmetrical, double looped, central-pocketed or accidental, depending upon the internal structure of the whorl pattern. In all the dermatoglyphic patterns seen, arches show the simplest ridge pattern, which is formed by the succession of one or more parallel ridges, which cross the finger from one side to the other without recurving. These patterns usually do not show the presence of triradii, except when the tented arch is present that will have a triradii point near its midline. RESULTS : Statistical results were obtained by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Post-Hoc Tukey’s correction for multiple group comparisons . The average no. of loops did not differ significantly between ECC and Rampant caries group (P-value>0.05). The average no. of loops is significantly higher in control group compared to ECC and Rampant caries group (P-value0.05). The average no. of whorls is significantly higher in ECC and Rampant caries group compared to Control group (P-value0.05 for all). Table 1) The intergroup comparison of finger print pattern. Values are Mean  ± Standard Deviation. P-values by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Post-Hoc Tukey’s correction for multiple group comparisons. P-value Figure 1 The intergroup distribution of finger print pattern (Right+Left). DISCUSSION : Widespread interest in epidermal ridges developed only in the last several decades when it became apparent that many patients with chromosomal aberrations had unusual ridge formations 10. Dermatoglyphic patterns make good material for genetic studies, because unlike stature, intelligence, and body weight, they are not significantly influenced by age or by postnatal environmental factors. 8,9,10 Dermatoglyphics have the advantage of remaining stable throughout life and therefore can be compared among individuals of different ages. The basis of considering dermatoglyphic pattern as genetic marker for dental caries is that the epithelium of finger buds as well as enamel which is the most susceptible dental tissue to dental caries have ectodermal origin and both develop at the same time of IU life.12 In this study , the evaluation and comparison of patterns in children with caries and caries-free children in both right and left hands showed increase in the number of whorls in children with rampant caries as compared to children with early childhood caries. However , this was not statistically significant. These results were substantiated by Atasu et al. who found an increased frequency of ulnar loops in caries-free children and an increased frequency of whorls in children with dental caries. The majority of whorl patterns in the control group were spiral while the caries group showed spiral, central pocket and double loop . Arches were least common patterns in both the groups.13,14 A definite correlation in the dermatoglyphic patterns between children with caries and caries-free children can be seen in this study. Thus, recording the dermatoglyphic patterns of children at an early age, during their first dental visit will be handy in predicting whether the child belongs to the high risk group or the low risk group and thereby can aid in planning a definitive preventive and treatment strategies. CONCLUSION : The dermatoglyphic patterns may be utilized effectively to study the genetic basis of dental caries. In a developing country like India , it might prove to be a non invasive , inexpensive and effective tool for screening . These patterns may represent the genetic make up of an individual and therefore it suggests an individual s predisposition to certain diseases . Since dermatoglyphics is still an counterfactual and imprecise science at the present time, it requires further extensive research to ascertain the significance of these variations in the dermatoglyphic features of children with dental caries . REFERENCES : Schaumann B, Alter M. Dermatolglyphics in Medical Disorders. New York, Heidel Berg, Berlin: Springer-Verlage; 1976. p. 14-75 Uchida JA, Solton HC. Evaluation of dermatoglyphics in medical genetics. Pediatr Clin North Am 1963;10:409-22. Pons J. Genetics of the A-B ridge count on the human palm. Ann Hum Genet 1964;27:273-7. 8. Venkatesh E, Bagewadi A, Keluskar V,Shetti A. Palmar dermatoglyphics in oralleukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Journal of IndianAcademy of Oral Medicine and Radiology 2008;20:94-9. Hirsch W, Schweichel JU. Morphological evidence concerning the problem of skin ridge formation. J Ment defic research 1973;17:58-72. Penrose LS. Fingerprints, palms and chromosomes. 1963;197:933-8. Cummins. Revised methods of interpretation and formulation of palmar dermatoglyphics. Am J Phy Anthr 1929;12:415-502 Cummins. Study of error in interpretation and formulation of palmar dermatoglyphics. Am J Phy Anthr 1928;11:501-21 Okajima M. Development of dermal ridges in the fetus. J Med Genet 1975;12:243-50. Carter CO. Genetics of common disorders. Brit Med Bull 1969;25:2-57 Matsunaga E. Hereditary factors in congenital malformations. Igakunoayumi 1977;103:910-5 11. Verbov J. Clinical signifi cance and genetics of epidermal ridges-A review of dermatoglyphics. J Invest Dermatol 1970;54:261-71. 12. Madan N, Rathnam A, Bajaj N. Palmistry: A tool for dental caries prediction Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:213-8. 13. Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic fi ndings in dental caries: A preliminary report. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1998;22:147-9. 14. Ahmed RH, Mohammed I. Aref, Rania M Hassan and Noura R Mohammed. Dermatoglyphic study on patients with dental caries restored with dental fi llings and its correlation to apoptosis induced by dental fi llings. Nat Sci 2010;8:54-7.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Sacagawea Essay -- Clark and Lewis ex

â€Å"Everything I do is for my people† (Quotes From Sacagawea). This fun loving naturalist that liked to help others was way more of a hero then she appears to be. Sacagawea, or also referred to as Sacagawea with a â€Å"g† or Sacakawea with a â€Å"k†, is known for her history in the Lewis and Clark expedition.(Sacajawea) She was born in Lemhi Mountains, which is now called Idaho, in 1788. She was the daughter of the Chief of the Indian Tribe, Shoshone. When she was 12 years old in 1800, she was kidnapped by the Hidasta Indian Tribe and taken to North Dakota. The Hidasta Indians also took several others along with her, and raided her Tribe from their stuff, killing a few people. A year after her arrival she was bought or gambled by a French-Canadian fur trapper, Toussaint Charbonneau, he made her his wife along with all his other â€Å"wives†. When she was 16, in 1804, she had gotten pregnant. By that time Lewis and Clark were setting up camp for the winter in Fort Mandan and had hired her husband as a translator. They later learned that Sacagawea spoke Shoshone and Hidasta, so they then asked her to join them, and she gla dly accepted. â€Å"The soil as you leave the heights of the mountains becomes gradually more fertile. the land through which we passed this evening is of an excellent quality tho very broken, it is a dark grey soil† (quotes Lewis as he travels through Idaho Country.) Sacagawea had her first born child, a boy, name Jean Baptiste Charbonneau in February 1805, who accompanied her on her journeys. Clark was fond of her new baby boy so he nicknamed him â€Å"Pomp† or â€Å"Pompey†, meaning â€Å"First Born†. (Sacagawea Lesson) In the spring of 1805 the Lewis and Clark expedition decides to take off. But on there way a sudden storm approaches and n... ...rson of Cameahwait she recognized her brother: She instantly jumped up, and ran and embraced him, throwing over him her blanket and weeping profusely: The chief was himself moved, though not in the same degree. After some conversation between them she resumed her seat, and attempted to interpret for us, but her new situation seemed to overpower her, and she was frequently interrupted by her tears (Lewis and Clark)." Works Cited http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/sacagawea/timeline.html http://www.sacagawea.com http://www.mathcs.bethel.edu/~gossett/DiscreteMathWithProof/sacagawea/quotes.html http://wikianswers.com/Q/Quotes_from_sacajawea http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/FEATURE/lewisandclark/quotes.html http://www.elcivics.com/sacajawea.html http://www/lewis-and-clark-expedition.com/Sacagawea.aspx http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/sacajawea/section1.rhtml

Health and safety in schools Essay

There are several key pieces of legislation that impact on how schools manage the health and safety of both their employees, and others who come into contact with the school. This will include pupils, visitors, support workers and parents. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 defines original structure and authority for the enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the UK. It is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in UK. The HSE/local authorities are responsible for enforcing the act relevant to the working environment. This act places the responsibility of ensuring the health and safety and welfare of employees, with the employer. The main ways that this is usually implemented in a school setting are: Ensuring that there is an effective way of reporting any hazards to the appropriate person so that any required action can be taken. Every school is required to carry out regular risk assessments of the premises and activities to iden tify any hazards in advance, but all members of staff should also be aware that risk assessment is an ongoing process, and that they must remain cautious and report any potential hazards to the Health and safety officer. Each school must put in place its own Health and safety policy and ensure that all staff are trained in its contents. All staff should take ownership for, not just their own safety, but also ensuring that their actions, or lack of action, does not cause harm of danger to others, for example if a staff was using a equipment that is for adult use only, it must be used and put away safely and if the staff can see a potential hazard with the item they are using, it must be reported appropriately. If safety equipment is provided, then staff must ensure it is used at all times. For example if goggles were provided for using hazardous materials in science, then they must be worn at all times till the experiment is over and put away. All equipment used within schools should meet recognised standards of safety. This can usually be checked by ensuring that the product displays on of the following safety symbols, the Kitemark shows that the product has been tested and meets the appropriate British Standard. The headteacher is to take overall responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of the school, t hey should ensure: Allocating sufficient resources to meet health and safety priorities Ensuring attendance on appropriate health and safety training courses Liaising with  the employer [OCC] over health and safety issues and the Health and Safety Trade Union Representatives Regularly checking the Health and Safety website Ensuring good communications by including health and safety issues in Staff briefings, bulletins and meetings Organising and implementing termly inspections in consultation with Trade Union Safety Representatives and Governors Overseeing the completion of the arrangements and â€Å"Risk Assessment† for all on and off site activities Ensuring that health and safety is a criteria for performance management and appraisal scheme Formulate and implement a policy for the management of critical incidents How health and safety is monitored and maintained in the setting The Headteacher will develop an effective management safety monitoring system to oversee the operation of this policy. On a daily basis the head does a walkabout to check for anything that can cause harm to the staff and children. All the staff will monitor their classroom so that any issues that occur can be reported. These will include: Inspections Direct observations of staff compliance Managerial reports monthly/termly/annually [as necessary] Surveys Tours Investigations of good practice/incidents/documents Record keeping â€Å"Risk Assessment† – The Trade Union Health and Safety Representatives together with the Governor responsible for Health and Safety will carry out a â€Å"Risk Assessment† once a term and record their findings Performance Monitoring – This school expects full co-operation from all staff at all times Every school will have policies and procedures for everyone in the setting. As well as staff or any adults visitors who come to the school will be following the health and safety procedures. Children will be taught the basic about health and safety – washing their hands, blowing their nose, so  they understand what to do and they will have the school rules to follow related to their safety e.g not to run inside the building as there isn’t must space and they can trip, slip or fall over anything and that there is plenty of room when playing outdoors. They will be taught how to stay safe through age appropriate talks and stories, crossing the road, not running off, how to protect themselves if they feel vulnerable. Practitioners will have training- ongoing and refreshers, in-house training and staff meetings etc. Staff may hold first aid certificates/handling food certificates; hold regular fire drills to make sure they are working and ensuring all electrical appliances are checked annually. The headteacher will ensure that everyone knows their role and responsibilities to ensure that every health and safety precaution/procedure is followed. All staff should check/monitor that everyone/thing is safe. Child Illness – Making sure if the child can attend school, if the illness is contagious or not. If a child falls ill during school hours, you must follow the procedure of the first aid policy. Risk assessments are carried out daily as well to make sure that staff and students are safe at all times. E.g Check that the outdoor area is safe from ‘unknown objects’ and that all gates are locked during school hours so no one can come in or go out without signing in and out. Visitors will have to sign in and out at the main reception. Policies and procedures should be checked on a regular basis (at least annually) to ensure that everything is in order – or added to adapted or changed as and when needed. How people in the setting are made aware of risk and hazards and encouraged to work safely Information and instructions on health and safety matters are available at reception for parents, visitors. The information will be given to teachers, non teaching staff, pupils, governors and visitors as follows: Staff are informed about all existing information held on site by regular updates at staff meetings / induction packs Health and Safety Act on display in staff room Fire drill / evacuation procedure on display around school Use of white board in the staff room Texts – messaging eg for snow days, emergency closure The Health and Safety Policy is signed by staff Deputy updates staff handbook annually and staff provided with regular updates re: health and safety Health and safety monthly item on the staff meeting agenda Will make a suitable and sufficient â€Å"Risk Assessment† for all its activities where a significant risk is identified Will take the necessary preventative and protective measures to adequately control risk Will comply with the other requirements made under this and other Health and Safety Regulations Personal Safety – Members of Staff are reminded that they must not stand on tables or chairs when putting up or taking down displays, there is a step ladder in the hall for this purpose. Personal Property – Handbags etc. should be locked away. Money and valuables should not be left unattended. A lockable cupboard space is available to all staff Responsibility for personal items rests with the individual member of staff Visitors and contractors are informed of any health and safety arrangements which may affect them. It is the responsibility of the teachers to ensure that pupils are aware of existing and new health and safety information via PSHC, class/whole school assemblies, verbal instruction, and demonstrations on use of equipment, class rules/behaviour protocol, signage eg do not run, yellow hazard cones. Fire Risk Assessment can be found in the deputy head’s office. Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for health and safety in the setting Everyone working in the setting should be aware of the health and safety policies and that they have a responsibility for the safety of the children and staff, in their setting they should know who to report to if they had any concerns regarding any health and safety issues. Statutory Health and Safety responsibilities fall on the LEA and on the headteacher and staff. Headteacher has overall responsibility for the school, she will, in practice, be responsible for enforcing the Health and Safety policy day-to-day. The deputy head acts as the Health and Safety Officer on Site and staff Trade Unions or other safety representatives may be nominated. The governing body, as the management body, should ensure that school staff and premises comply with the LEA’s health and safety policy and practices. The governing body, having control of the premises, must take reasonable steps to make sure that the buildings, equipment and materials are safe and do not put the health of persons at risk whilst they are on the premises. The Medication is administered by office staff and has a designated person assigned. Designated First Aid Area is by the main office, so if anything occurs during play /lunchtime the children know where to go. There are First Aiders around the school as teachers and T.A’s are trained, the First Aid boxes are located all round the school. Play Equipment – Visual inspection made formally by caretaker and informally by staff on duty at lunch /playtime PE co-ordinator checks equipment regularly, she follows current policy and practice ICT technician – this is outsourced and someone approved comes in to deal with any faults Governing Body: The governing body shares with the Local Education Authority, the overall responsibility for health and safety. For its part the governing body will:- Ensure health and safety has a high profile. Ensure adequate resources for health & safety are made available. Consult with staff and ensure relevant training is carried out. Monitor & review the health and safety arrangements Headteacher: The Headteacher is responsible for day to day health and safety performance and will:- Develop a safety culture throughout the school Take day to day operational decisions Draw up safety procedures Ensure staff are aware of their responsibilities Update governors Monitor effectiveness of procedures Site Manager and Cleaning Staff: Take responsibility for the security of the premises. Ensure the safe condition of the floors. Store potentially dangerous cleaning materials safely Ensure play and external areas are safe and clean from debris Ensure cleaning staff are aware of safe working practices and the school health & safety policyRecognise and respond to emergency situations In the classroom where children are being supervised, it is common to have child illness and some minor injuries from time to time. As a teaching assistant you may find that you are first to respond to an emergency situation and you may have to give emergency first aid. You will be expected to follow the correct procedures until help arrives. It is vital that you send for help as soon as possible, this should be a qualified first aider/trained member of staff and they should call for an ambulance if necessary. Emergency situations include: Accidents Illness Fire Security incidents Missing children or young people If you are not trained in first aid, and if you are unsure about what to do, you should only take action to avoid any further danger to the casualty and others. First aid: There will always be a designated first aider who will have a responsibility to contact emergency services if required and they will regularly check the first aid kit and ensure everyone knows they are individually responsible to let the first aider know when an item has been used and they will know about training opportunities and if asked be able to check the first aid training status of other employees. First aid kit: Know where it is Familiar with what it contains Do you know how to use items appropriately Fire policy: Fire alarms get tested once a term and they are recorded in a fire alarm booklet signed and dated by the headteacher, caretaker and fire officer. Where the fire exits are, they will always be clear of obstruction and there will always be the evacuation routes where all the children learn the routine to come out without panicking and in an ordinary manner. There will be a designated fire assembly point for everyone to meets; the teachers will have the responsibility to take the register for their class to check names to ensure everyone is outside, present and safe. Sickness policy: The purpose of this policy is to: To ensure that sick children are appropriately and correctly identified. To ensure sick children are cared for appropriately. To protect children and adults from preventable infection. To enable staff and parents to be clear about the requirements and procedures when children are unwell. Recognising illness: When anyone has difficulty breathing, high temperature, fever, blueness around the lips, cold extremities, pale or clammy skin – floppy, unresponsive or unconscious. Conditions to be aware of would be epilepsy , asthma, allergy, diabetes. Situations to be familiar with: Bites and stings, bleeding, burns and scalds, choking, electric shock, extreme effects of heat and cold, eye injuries, poisoning, suspected fractures, caring for the unconscious person. Follow the setting’s procedures for dealing with emergency situations All schools need to ensure that they take measures to protect all adults and children while they are on the school premises and undertaking off-site visits. This means there will be procedures in place for a number of situations that can arise. These include the following: Accidents: There should be enough first aiders in schools or on the trips at any time to deal with accidents. First-aid boxes should be checked regularly and replenished regularly, and there should be clear information on what has happened so that accidents are recorded correctly. If you are off site you should always have a first aider with you, along with a first-aid box and any medications that are required to any child who is with you for eg their inhaler. Illness: School will deal with incidents of sickness by sending pupils to the sick room or first aid room for an initial assessment. However, sudden illness may require you to take action yourself while waiting for a first aider. The casualty should be made comfortable and insure that they are warm; there should be no attempt to carry out any further first aid. All staff should be aware of allergic reactions and intolerances to foods such as wheat, nuts and gluten. All staff should identify these children and have clear instructions available on how to deal with each case. Supervisors at lunch time will need to be kept informed. The lunchtime book contains photographs, contact numbers and information about pupils with food intolerance. Care should be taken with book due to confidentiality. Fires: The school may need to evacuate in emergencies for example bomb scare, fire, floods or other emergencies. Security Incidents: Staff should challenge any unidentified people in the school, if you are on outside duty and notice anything suspicious you should always send for help. Missing Children: On school trips you should check the group and keep an eye on children being supervised by helpers. If a child goes missing, raise an alarm straight away making sure you follow the policy. Disabled Children: Wheel chair users should assemble at specific fire assembling point. Oxygen tanks should not be moved, no naked flames in school. Teacher’s assistant should accompany all disabled children to fire assembly point where necessary. Give reassurance and comfort to those involved in the emergency When an emergency arises, they would call one of the main first aider to come and evaluate the injury. There are three main first aiders in school, one in  each area of school. Foundation, Key stage 1 and in Key stage 2. All TAs have undergone St. John’s Ambulance ‘First Aid’ training. Also all staff has undergone ‘Basic’ first aid training. When there is an emergency, all the details of the incident will have to be logged, signed and dated by the main first aider that is dealing with the incident. If the incident is major then the main first aider after judging it will have to call the emergency services to come and treat the injured wound and then decide whether to take the child to the hospital or not. Reassuring the child is very important so the child doesn’t get stressed, acting calm around the child is very important as it promotes a calm atmosphere and is reassuring that everything will be ok. The first aider moves the child to the sick room or first aid room of the school where all the other children can’t see the injury and stress the child even more. Comfort the child depending on the injury, for example if a child bites their inner cheek and was showing signs of distress due to losing lot of blood, the first aider should act in a professional manner showing no signs of distress. If a child has a bump to the head and is showing signs of concussion then the child’s parents should be informed and invited to school to come and see the child. Also if the child has to go with the emergency service’s they would ask the parents if they would come along as it would make the child feel more comfortable. If there is a more minor injury that still needs medical assessment they would take the child in a member of staff’s car to the hospital/walk in – if it would be appropriate. Also other times they would call the parent to come and collect the child. On the way they would reassure the child that it is only to make sure that they are okay. Also when travelling to the hospital they would take a record of what first aid was given to the child at school, or they take the main first aider that dealt with the injured child. Also making sure that other children are okay and safe is also important, maybe taking a buddy for the injured child would help them to be comfortable because then they have a buddy to take to while the first aid is happening or if the buddy could distract the child from the injury. Give other people providing assistance, clear information about what happened In a school placement they have good communication with all the people that provide assistance. For example an incident that happened in the school a couple of months ago that involved all three main first aiders, staff, emergency services, health and safety officer, head teacher, health and safety governor, governors, parents and Tameside. The incident happened after play time when the child has put his fingers in the door even though they had finger guards on already. The member of staff that was on the playground at the time was the first aider for that area of school and they had tried all they could to remove the fingers but was unable to do it alone, so they provided clear information on to the other main first aider so they were able to understand how this has happened. Also trying their best the fingers would not move, while this was happening they had three other members of staff that were providing the correct information onto the parents, emergency services, and one of the m kept the child calm and reassuring them. Once the parent came they comforted the child till the emergency services came and released the fingers from the door, once they were released the parents and the first aider went to the hospital with the child to make sure the fingers were not damaged. The first aider went along to pass on the information as to what happened to the child and this was passing on the clear information to the nurse/doctor that was assisting the child. After the correct information was passed on to the health and safety officer, and the health and safety governor they later went to the door where the child’s fingers were trapped and assessed what could have prevented it from happening. They and the governors from the school came together and after passing on the information they came to an agreement to have rear finger guards fitted on all the doors in school so this wasn’t to happen again. After the incident the correct, clear and detailed information was later sent as an email to Tameside via the head teacher (safety officer) who suggested to Tameside to email all schools to have rear finger guards fitted on all doors in every Tameside school so this would prevent any child to have the same thing happen to them. Once the rear finger guards were fitted the governors of the school went and assessed the interior and exterior of the building to make sure there was not anywhere where this could happen again. Follow the procedures of the setting of reporting and recording Reporting and recording is important even if you are not a first aider you still need to know how to report and record any information. You should know the correct procedure for reporting and recording injuries and incidents in your school placement, as you may be called upon to do so. When reporting or recording any type of injury, emergency, or even a minor incident then this must still be recorded step by step as to what happened and what member of staff is present at the time. Also dated, signed and reported to a senior member of staff. Recording any type of illnesses in a record log is important so all members of staff that need the information has this to relay back too if the child ever falls ill or becomes irritable. Also in some cases this information will have to be passed on to the local authority The office should have signs and posters showing what signs and symptoms of some illnesses that children may have or may show to have. Recording concerns is important so all staff are alert of the concerns that you are having. Recording illness and having information with the record is important, for example you have a child with sickle cell and it is recorded then with this you would have information about sickle cell so all staff then can read and understand what the procedure is when this certain child is looking to have these symptoms or signs. Also in a school setting if a child is having behaviour issues having a home and school diary would also help the parents understand what is happening with their child in school hours. With the class teacher writing in this diary at the end of ever lesson explaining step by step how the child was and then making sure that parents are receiving the information asking them to sign the diary every night so they know that they have read it. An example of how we do it in the afterschool/breakfast club is we write ALL information in a purple book that is left on the side, recording all information like: What children are attending the club morning or after school Who has cancelled What injuries/incidents have happened during the club, who has dealt with the incident If there is any unusual behaviour by a child Messages from parents to teachers or teachers to parents. Many more piece of information that need recording and passing on, which is dated and signed by the member of staff who wrote it. This is later signed by a parent to say that has been passed on, if it information from the club or if its information from the teacher – information from parents to teachers we make sure teachers sign to say that they have read the information. Describe Risk Assessment and associated documentation in your placement. A risk assessment is an assessment that is carried out of the risk to children or adults at the school setting. Risk assessments carried out once a year and also carried out when on school trips or when doing a lesson that may involve a rick for the children/adults in the classroom. They follow 5 basic steps when they risk assess a situation: 1 Look out for the hazards and identify them. 2 Decide who may be harmed and how they can be harmed during the trip/lesson. 3 Evaluate the risks and consider how they can cause any kind of harm and decide whether precautions have to take. 4 Record any findings around the location that can cause harm. 5 Review assessments and revise it if it is necessary. Risk assessments are important because it makes the adults more aware of what could happen and they have to be aware of how we can overcome the risks. Risk assessments contain the hazard, which may be affected by the hazard and how you can overcome the risks. Risk assessments can be carried out on children with broken limbs, school trips, lessons that can be dangerous, for example in class we made hot air balloons and it was important to do a risk assessment because it involved fire and the children/teachers could get harmed. When assessing the risk the steps to follow would be: What are the possible consequences of the risk / hazard? What is the chances that the risk or hazard will occur? Shall provide the appropriate resources to reduce the risk, taking appropriate steps and making sure that it reduces the risk and doesn’t make it more of a risk. All the staff will know the risk assessment policy if  they have under gone the health and safety training. In the mornings the head teacher and the care taker going around the school premises and make sure that there are no risks for when the children enter the premises. For example if there was a few twigs on the path then they would be a risk for when the parents and children walk down the path this means that they would then remove the twigs. When they get back into the building they write on a chart all the different areas of school and if there was a risk and if there wasn’t. This is a type of risk assessment that they do every morning.